Lipoxygenase polynucleotides and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions for modulating development and defense response are provided. Nucleotide sequences encoding maize lipoxygenase proteins and a lipoxygenase gene promoter region are provided. The sequences can be used in expression cassettes for modulating development, developmental pathways, and the plant defense response. Transformed plants, plant cells, tissues, and seed are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/132,350 filed Apr. 25, 2002 which claims the benefit of. U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/286,889 filed Apr. 27, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/305,366 filed Jul. 13, 2001, both of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of the genetic manipulation of plants, particularly the modulation of gene activity and development in plants and increased disease resistance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Aspergillus spp. are seed deteriorating fungi known for their ability to produce mycotoxins in crops. Typically, the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. during colonization are aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin. Both aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin are derived from polyketides, which are bioreactive secondary metabolites that are synthesized like fatty acids.

Infection of crops by Aspergillus spp. is highly undesirable since aflatoxin and the related mycotoxin sterigmatocystin are human carcinogens. In certain years, environmental conditions heavily favor the production of mycotoxins. Thus, it is necessary to survey food products and feeds for such contamination of mycotoxins. Contaminated supplies in the United States are typically destroyed. In developing countries, where governments cannot afford to screen and destroy contaminated food, high liver cancer rates are associated with mycotoxin contamination. Thus, methods are needed to control mycotoxin contamination in foods.

In addition to fungi, diseases in plants are caused by viruses, bacteria, and nematodes. Phytopathogenic fungi cause significant annual crop yield losses as well as devastating epidemics. Plant disease outbreaks have resulted in catastrophic crop failures that have triggered famines and caused major social change. Pathogenic fungi attack all of the approximately 300,000 species of flowering plants; however, a single plant species can be host to only a few fungal species, and similarly, most fungi usually have a limited host range. Generally, the best strategy for plant disease control is to use resistant cultivars selected or developed by plant breeders for this purpose. However, the potential for serious crop disease epidemics persists today, as evidenced by outbreaks of the Victoria blight of oats and southern corn leaf blight. Molecular methods of crop protection have the potential to implement novel mechanisms for disease resistance and can also be implemented more quickly than traditional breeding methods. Accordingly, molecular methods are needed to supplement traditional breeding methods to protect plants from pathogen attack.

A host of cellular processes enable plants to defend themselves against disease caused by pathogenic agents. These defense mechanisms are activated by initial pathogen infection in a process known as elicitation. In elicitation, the host plant recognizes a pathogen-derived compound known as an elicitor; the plant then activates disease gene expression to limit further spread of the invading microorganism. It is generally believed that to overcome these plant defense mechanisms, plant pathogens must find a way to suppress elicitation as well as to overcome more physically-based barriers to infection, such as reinforcement and/or rearrangement of the actin filament networks near the cell's plasma membrane.

Thus, the present invention solves needs for enhancement of the plant's defensive elicitation response via a molecularly based mechanism that can be quickly incorporated into commercial crops.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides nucleotide sequences that find use in modulating the plant pathogen defense system. Particularly, nucleotide and amino acid sequences for maize lipoxygenase (LOX) genes and a promoter region derived from a Zea mays LOX5 gene are provided.

The methods and compositions can be used to modulate plant development, to promote healing of damaged tissues, and to enhance resistance to plant pathogens including fungal pathogens, plant viruses, and the like. The method involves stably transforming a plant with a nucleotide sequence capable of modulating the plant pathogen defense system operably linked with a promoter capable of driving expression of a gene in a plant cell. The disease resistance genes of the present invention additionally find use in manipulating these processes in transformed plants and plant cells.

Transformed plants, plant cells, and seeds, as well as methods for making such plants, plant cells, and seeds are additionally provided. It is recognized that a variety of promoters will be useful in the invention, the choice of which will depend, in part, upon the desired level of expression of the disclosed nucleotide sequences. It is recognized that the levels of expression can be controlled to modulate the levels of expression in the plant cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 (A and B) sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the genomic Zea mays LOX5 gene (SEQ ID NO:53). SEQ ID NO:54 corresponds to nucelotide residues 1 through 2086 of SEQ ID NO:53 and represents the LOX5 gene promoter region. The 5′ UTR (untranslated region) is indicated with an underline. Putative TATA-box, GCC-box, W-boxes, H-box, C₂H₂ response element, and MRE-like elements are indicated by bold type and underlining. Intron sequences are indicated with lower case letters.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Overview

The present invention provides, inter alia, compositions and methods for modulating the total level of proteins of the present invention and/or altering their ratios in a plant. By “modulation” is intended an increase or a decrease in a particular character, quality, substance, or response.

The compositions comprise maize nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Particularly, the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for maize lipoxygenases (LOXs) are provided. As discussed in more detail below, the sequences of the invention are involved in basic biochemical pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and pathogen resistance. Methods are provided for the expression of these sequences in a host plant to modulate plant development, developmental pathways, and defense responses. The method involves stably transforming a plant with a nucleotide sequence capable of modulating the plant pathogen defense system operably linked with a promoter capable of driving expression of the nucleotide sequence in a plant cell.

Lipoxygenases (LOX's) (linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12) are a family of nonheme, iron-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids or their esters containing a cis, cis-1,4-pentadiene-system. The most common substrates of lipoxygenases in higher plants are linolenic and linoleic acids, fatty acids most likely derived from membrane phospholipids (Conconi et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 111:797-803; Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188). LOX-catalyzed incorporation of molecular oxygen into these fatty acids can occur either at position 9 or 13 of their carbon chains. As a result, two distinct fatty acid monohydroperoxides are formed, which feed into separate biosynthetic pathways to produce compounds with distinct physiological functions (Anderson (1989). Membrane derived fatty acids as precursors to second messengers. In Second Messengers in Plant Growth and Development (Boxx, W. F. and Moore, D. J., eds). New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 181-212). Distinct LOX isozyme forms may catalyze the C-13 or the C-9 reaction preferentially ((1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188), or they may add molecular oxygen exclusively into one or the other position of fatty acids (Doderer et al. (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1120:97-104); Peng et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3755-3761); Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188).

In plants, some LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides are metabolized into biologically active molecules, such as traumatin, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MJ), which serve hormone-like regulatory roles (Anderson (1989). Membrane derived fatty acids as precursors to second messengers. In Second Messengers in Plant Growth and Development (Boxx, W. F. and Moore, D. J., eds). New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 181-212); Koda (1992) Int. Rev. Cytol. 135:155-199; Creelman and Mullet (1997) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:355-381). Traumatin induces cell division, as a result it may promote healing of damaged tissues in response to wounding or insect chewing (Anderson (1989). Membrane derived fatty acids as precursors to second messengers. In Second Messengers in Plant Growth and Development (Boxx, W. F. and Moore, D. J., eds. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 181-212). JA and MJ are involved in a variety of physiological processes (Koda (1992) Int. Rev. Cytol. 135:155-199), and they appear to do so by regulating the expression of genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (Gundlach et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2389-2393), protease inhibitors (Farmer and Ryan (1992) Plant Cell 4:129-134), vegetative storage proteins, chalcone synthase, PR1 (Reinbothe et al. (1994) The Plant Cell 6:1197-1209), proline-rich cell wall proteins (Creelman et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4938-4941), and LOX's (Melan et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:385-393: Kolomiets et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124:1121-1130). Another LOX-derived product, dihydrojasmonic acid, as well as its 18-carbon oxylipin precursors, 12-oxophytodienoic and 12-oxophytoenoic acid, can act as defense signals (Blechert et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4099-4105). In addition, the C-6 volatile compounds derived from lipoxygenase activities possess antimicrobial activities (Croft et al. (1993) Plant Physiol. 101:13-24). Other less known LOX-derived intermediate and/or final products that have antimicrobial activity include epoxides, epoxy alcohols, aldehydes, oxo-acids, a- and y-ketols, and divinyl ether fatty acids (Blee (1998) Prog. Lipid Res. 37(1):33-72;Weber et al. (1999) Plant Cell. 11:485-493).

Multiple LOX isozyme forms exist in all plant species that have been studied, and their expression is dictated by strict developmental, organ/tissue-preferred, and stress-regulated controls (Heitz et. al. (1997) Plant Physiol. 114:1085-1093; Kausch and Handa (1997) Plant Physiol. 113:1041-1050); Kolomiets et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124:1121-1130; Melan et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:385-393; Saravitz and Siedow (1995) Plant Physiol. 107-535-543; Royo et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:21012-21019. Because different LOX isozymes initiate production of functionally diverse final products, it is not surprising that LOXs were implicated in physiological processes as diverse as senescence, growth and development, and wound- and pathogen-induced responses (Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42-145-188). It is suggested that individual isozyme forms within a given organ, tissue, or cell type may have a distinct physiological role (Kolomiets et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124:1121-1130; Peng et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3755-3761; Saravitz and Siedow (1995) Plant Physiol. 107:535-543; Stephenson et al. (1998) Plant Physiol. 116-923-933). LOX multigene families likely serve as a means to carry on these diverse functions by elaborate regulation of their expression in specific tissues and cells in response to various developmental and environmental cues (Eiben and Slusarenko (1994) Plant J 5:123-135; Fisher et al. (1999) Plant Journal 19(5):543-554; Stephenson et al. (1998) Plant Physiol. 116:923-933).

Several lines of correlative evidence suggest that LOX may play an important role in plant growth and development. In many plant species including corn, it was observed that rapidly growing tissues have the greatest LOX activity. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between LOX activity within an organ and its rate of elongation (Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188). LOX isozyme profiles change quantitatively and qualitatively during soybean leaf development (Saravitz and Siedow (1995) Plant Physiol. 107:535-543) and during seed germination in cucumbers and pea (Feussner et al. (1996) Planta 198:288-293; Chateigner et al. (1999) Planta. 208-606-613). In addition, many LOX genes are regulated differentially during Arabidopsis seedling development (Melan et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:385-393), tomato fruit ripening (Ferrie et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 106:109-118; Kausch and Handa (1997) Plant Physiol. 113:1041-1050) and pea carpel development (Rodriguez-Conception and Beltran (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 27:887-899). One possible role of LOX during seed germination and seedling development is utilization of lipid reserves as a source of energy during active cell division and enlargement (Feussner et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11849-11853). LOX has also been implicated in plant development (Kolomiets et al. (2001) Plant Cell. 13(3): In press). In transgenic POTLX-1 potato plants in which expression of tuber-specific LOXs was suppressed by an antisense approach, significant decrease in tuber yield and size was seen, indicating that these genes are directly involved in the regulation of tuber growth and development. Pollen development and shedding are additional processes in which LOX may have an important role as mutants that are insensitive to or lack JA and MJ, produced by 13-LOXs, are male sterile (Xie et al. (1998) Science 280:1091-1094). Correlative evidence is accumulating that implicates LOXs in senescence primarily due to the role in lipid peroxidation and the production of jasmonates (Paliyath and Drillard (1992) Plant Physiol. Biochem. 30:789-812), which are strong inducers of senescence of leaf and other organs (Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188). Consistent with this result, senescence processes were retarded by application of LOX inhibitors and induced by exogenous application of linolenic acid (Hung and Kao (1996) Plant Growth Reg. 19(1):77-83).

While not bound by any particular mechanism of action, LOX involvement in defense responses most likely is due to LOX participation in the biosynthesis of JA, MJ, and the C-6 volatile compounds (Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42-145-188; Slusarenko (1996) “The Role of Lipoxygenase in Plant Resistance to Infection,” in Lipoxygenase and Lipoxygenase Pathway Enzymes, ed. Piazza (Champaign, Ill.: AOCS Press), pp. 176-197; Vijayan et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95(12):7209-7214). The LOX gene may play an important role in cell division and defense signal transduction pathways that are regulated by the biosynthesis of traumatin and jasmonic acid. Biochemical studies indicated that LOX protein and activity levels are modulated in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses, such as mechanical wounding, insect chewing, and pathogen attack (Blee (1998) Prog. Lipid Res. 37(1):33-72). Increases in LOX activity in response to pathogen infection have been reported for a number of plant-pathogen systems (Siedow (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:145-188; Blee (1998) Prog. Lipid Res. 37(1):33-72). LOX activity increased only upon infection by an avirulent pathogen (Ohta et al. (1991) Plant Physiol. 97:94-98,) or it was induced rapidly by infection with an avirulent pathogen and slowly with the virulent strain (Kolomiets et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124:1121-1130). LOX activity also is induced by treatment of cell cultures or plants with elicitors. When potato tuber disks were treated with the fungal (Phytophthora infestans) elicitor arachidonic acid (AA), the activity of LOX increased almost 2-fold within half an hour to 3 hours after treatment (Bostock et al. (1992) Plant Physiol. 100:1448-1456). In addition, LOX genes are activated transcriptionally by wounding, pathogens, or their elicitors (Bell and Mullet (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 230:456-462; Bohland et al. (1997) Plant Physiol. 114:679-685; Kolomiets et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124:1121-1130; Melan et al. (1993) Plant Physiol. 101:441-450; Peng et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3755-3761). LOX plays a pivotal role in defense responses against herbivory, as transgenic plants expressing the potato H3 gene, a 13-LOX targeted to chloroplasts, in antisense orientation were more susceptible to insect feeding (Royo et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1146-1151).

LOX also plays a role in the wound- and pathogen-inducible lipid-based signal-transduction pathway that leads to the induction of defense responses. JA and MJ are two of the best-studied signaling molecules in this pathway. Mutant plants in which JA perception or biosynthesis is blocked are more susceptible to certain pathogens, suggesting JA involvement in disease resistance mechanisms (Thomma et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95-15107-15111; Xie et al. (1998) Science 280:1091-1094). Plants commonly confer resistance to pathogens via manifestation of an active defense mechanism known as the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (Dangl et al. (1996) Plant Cell 8:1793-1807). This reaction limits pathogen spread and prevents further damage to the remainder of the plant organ. In soybean, potato, and tomato, occurrence of the HR is associated with increased activity of LOX (Slusarenko (1996), “The Role of Lipoxygenase in Plant Resistance to Infection,” in Lipoxygenase and Lipoxygenase Pathway Enzymes, ed. Piazza (Chamapin, Ill.: AOCS Press), pp. 176-197). Peroxidation of membrane lipids has been postulated to be a causative factor in the localized cell death associated with the HR (Keppler and Novacky (1987) Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 30:233-245).

The LOX gene has also been implicated in the regulation of coordinated gene activation in response to wounding. It is speculated that resistance to pathogen attack is the result of the coordinated accumulation of secondary metabolites and protein products. Some of these products, such as proteinase inhibitors, may directly interfere with digestibility of the injected tissue whereas others products may affect food intake. Therefore, the LOX sequences of the present invention may find use in an antifeedant strategy by regulating proteinase inhibitor levels in plants, and thereby controlling insect and nematode pathogens.

The LOX proteins of the invention are also useful for inhibiting the production of the mycotoxins of fungi such as aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin producing fungus in plants susceptible to contamination by such mycotoxins. Particular crops include maize, peanuts, treenuts, almonds, brazil nuts, pistachios, melon, pumpkin, sunflower seeds, corn, rice, and walnuts. The method involves introducing into a plant of interest a gene encoding an enzyme within the lipoxygenase pathway. The production of aflatoxin is influenced by high levels of oxidized fatty acids such as fatty acid hydroperoxides. Fatty acid hydroperoxides can be formed enzymatically by lipoxygenases. Lipoxygenases catalyze the addition of molecular oxygen to unsaturated fatty acids containing cis, cis-1,4-pentadiene moieties.

Additionally, LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides and free radical species are cytotoxic and are capable of damaging membranes, proteins, and DNA (Hildebrand et al. (1998) Curr. Top. Plant Biochem. Physiol. 7:201-219). Therefore, LOXs may play a role in membrane degradation observed during senescence, wounding, and the hypersensitive response to pathogen attack. Thus, the compositions of the invention have LOX-like activity. By “LOX-like” activity is intended one of the activities listed above for lipoxygenases, particularly modulating plant defense systems. Assays for activity can be performed as set forth in the above-listed references.

LOX proteins may also play an important role in plant growth and development. There is a positive correlation between LOX activity levels within an organ and its rate of elongation. The concomitant increase in LOXs and the enzymes involved in the metabolism of LOX-derived fatty hydroperoxides is consistent with a role for LOX in generating lipid-derived growth regulators. In plants, the LOX proteins may be involved in lipid turnover and fat mobilization. Thus, the compositions and methods of the invention find use in the turnover of lipids in the developing seedling.

Generally, the LOX sequences of the present invention may be used to modulate many important developmental processes, such as, cell division, seed germination, plant growth and senescence, and/or to enhance plant resistance to environmental stresses, such as, wounding and pathogen attacks.

A number of terms used herein are defined and clarified in the following section.

Definitions

By “nucleic acid molecule” is intended a molecule composed of nucleotides covalently bound to one another. Nucleotides include both ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. “Nucleic acid molecule” encompasses single-stranded and double stranded forms of both DNA and RNA. Nucleic acid molecules may be naturally occurring, synthetic, or a combination of both. The linear arrangement of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule is referred to as a “nucleotide sequence” and, unless specified otherwise, is presented herein from left to right corresponding to the 5′-to-3′ direction.

By “pathogenic agent” or “pathogen” is intended any organism that has the potential to negatively impact a plant, typically, but not exclusively, by causing disease or inflicting physical damage. Such organisms include, but are not limited to, fuigi, bacteria, nematodes, mycoplasmas, viruses, and insects.

By “promoter” is intended a regulatory region of DNA usually comprising a TATA box capable of directing RNA polymerase II to initiate RNA synthesis at the appropriate transcription initiation site for a particular coding sequence. A promoter may additionally comprise other recognition sequences generally positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box, referred to as upstream promoter elements, which influence the transcription initiation rate.

By “operably linked” is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein-coding regions in the same reading frame.

By “stably transformed” is intended that the nucleotide sequences introduced into a cell and/or plant using transformation methods described herein are stably incorporated into the genome of the cell and/or plant. Stably incorporated nucleotide sequences are heritable.

By “defense-inducible” is intended that transcription of a nucleotide sequence operably linked to the defense-inducible promoter is regulated when the plant is exposed to biotic and abiotic stress. By “regulate” is intended the repression or activation of transcription from a promoter region. The regulation of transcription by the promoter sequences of the present invention is defined herein as “inducible.” By “inducible” is intended the ability of the promoter sequence to regulate expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence in response to a stimulus.

By “stimulus” is intended an elemental or molecular species which either directly or indirectly regulates the activity (i.e., an increase in initiation or expression) of an inducible promoter.

By “direct action” is intended that the stimulus regulates transcription via a direct interaction between the stimulus and the DNA sequence. By “indirect action” is meant that the regulation occurs via an interaction between the stimulus and some other endogenous or exogenous component in the system, the ultimate result of the indirect action being regulation of the inducible promoter. The stimulus can result from a biotic or abiotic stress, including for example, tissue wounding (i.e., insect herbivory, wind, intentional abiotic infliction of tissue injury or wounding for the purpose of experimentation and/or expression analysis); wound-responsive chemicals (i.e., chemicals that result in the activation of wound-response signal transduction pathways, including, various hormones, jasmonic acid, abscissic acid, linolenic acid, ethylene, their chemical analogues, derivatives, precursors, and the like); pathogens (i.e, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mycoplasmas, viruses, and insects and the like); and various environmental stresses (i.e., heat, drought, cold, reactive oxygen species and/or radiation). Hence, the promoter of the present invention can be used in combination with a nucleotide sequence that enhances disease resistance, and the compositions therefor find use in the defense of a plant against disease, pathogens, and the like.

Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequence Compositions

Compositions of the invention include the polynucleotide sequences of the maize LOX genes. The polypeptides encoded by those sequences may be involved in various plant developmental processes, including the plant pathogen defense response.

Thirteen maize LOX nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are provided, as well as a genomic sequence of the Zea mays LOX5 gene which comprises a promoter sequence. The sequences are classified as lipoxygenases based on sequence similarity to known lipoxygenases. For each sequence, the full nucleotide sequence is assigned a SEQ ID NO., the translation product of the full sequence is assigned a SEQ ID NO., the coding region of the sequence is assigned a SEQ ID NO., and the predicted polypeptide is assigned a SEQ ID NO. LOX1 (SEQ ID NO:1-4), LOX2 (SEQ ID NO:9-12), LOX5 (SEQ ID NO:21-24, SEQ ID NO:56), and LOX11 (SEQ ID NO:45-48) are members of the lipoxygenase family that includes the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the invention. The LOX1 sequence is publicly available in the GenBank database under the GenBank Accession No. AF271894. The Zm-LOX5 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:56 shows 74% identity to a barley lipoxygenase. The Zm-LOX11 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:45 shows 62% identity to a potato lipoxygenase. The LOX1b (SEQ ID NOS:5 and 7), LOX3 (SEQ ID NOS:13 and 15), LOX4 (SEQ ID NOS:17 and 19), LOX6 (SEQ ID NO:25), LOX 7 (SEQ ID NOS:29 and 31), LOX8 (SEQ ID NOS:33 and 35), LOX9 (SEQ ID NOS:37 and 39), LOX10 (SEQ ID NOS:41 and 43), LOX12 (SEQ ID NOS:49 and 51) encode the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOS:6, 14, 18, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, and 50 respectively. SEQ ID NOS:8, 16, 20, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 52 indicate the predicted amino acid sequences for LOX1b, LOX3, LOX4, LOX6, LOX7, LOX8, LOX9, LOX10, and LOX12, respectively. Additionally, protein domain analysis indicates that the sequences are lipoxygenases. The Zm-LOX2b polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:9 shows 85% identity to a barley lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No. P29114). The Zm-LOX3 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:13 shows 83% identity to a maize lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No.271894). The Zm-LOX4 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:17 shows 74% identity to a barley lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No.AAB60715). The Zm-LOX6 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:25 shows 49% identity to a tobacco lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No. S57964). The Zm-LOX7 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:29 shows 64% identity to an Arabidopsis lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No. AAF21176). The Zm-LOX9 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:37 shows 69% identity to an Arabidopsis lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No.AAF79461.1). The Zm-LOX10 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:41 shows 68% identity to a potato lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No.T07065). The Zm-LOX12 polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:49 shows 51% identity to a potato lipoxygenase (GenBank Accession No.CAA64766.1). These identities were determined using the BLAST program for sequence analysis.

In particular, the present invention provides for isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 50, and 52. Further provided are polypeptides having an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule described herein, for example those set forth in SEQ ID NOS:5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, and 51.

The invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid or protein compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the nucleic acid molecule or protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified nucleic acid molecule or protein is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences (preferably protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, preferably culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

Fragments and variants of the disclosed nucleotide sequences and proteins encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the nucleotide sequence or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence protein encoded thereby. Fragments of a nucleotide sequence may encode protein fragments that retain the biological activity of the native protein and hence affect development, developmental pathways, and defense response by retaining LOX-like activity. Alternatively, fragments of a nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode fragment proteins retaining biological activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, and up to the full-length nucleotide sequence encoding the proteins of the invention.

A fragment of a LOX nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of a LOX protein of the invention will encode at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 232 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NO:6; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 226 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NO:8; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 871 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:14 and 16; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 887 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:18 and 20; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 892 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:26 and 28; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 223 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:30 and 32; at least 22, 30, 40 or 46 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:34 and 36; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 or 543 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:38 and 40; at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 807 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:42 and 44; or at least 22, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 842 contiguous amino acids for SEQ ID NOS:50 and 52. Fragments of a LOX nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a LOX protein.

Thus, a fragment of a LOX nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of a LOX protein, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of a LOX protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the LOX nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the LOX protein (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro), and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the LOX protein. Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of a LOX nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, or 911 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:5; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, or 702 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:7; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900 or 2949 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:13; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, or 2616 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:15; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, or 3080 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:17; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, or 2664 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:19; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, or 2919 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:25; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, or 2664 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:27; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, or 670 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NOS:29 and 31; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, or 140 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NOS:33 and 35; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, or 1803 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:37; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, or 1632 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:39; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, or 2835 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:41; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, or 2424 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:43; at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, or 2689 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:49; or at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, or 2529 nucleotides present in SEQ ID NO:51.

By “variants” is intended substantially similar sequences. For nucleotide sequences, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the LOX polypeptides of the invention. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode a LOX protein of the invention. Generally, variants of a particular nucleotide sequence of the invention will have at least 40%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, generally at least 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, preferably about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably about 98%, 99%, or more sequence identity to that particular nucleotide sequence as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters.

By “variant protein” is intended a protein derived from the native protein by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Variant proteins encompassed by the present invention are biologically active, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the native protein, hence they will continue to possess LOX activity. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a native LOX protein of the invention will have at least 40%, 50%, 52%, 55%, 60%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, generally at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, preferably about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the native protein as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters. A biologically active variant of a protein of the invention may differ from that protein by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.

Biological activity of the LOX polypeptides can be assayed by any method known in the art. Assays to measure the developmental pathways and defense responses that are influenced by the LOX polypeptides having LOX-like activity are well known in the art. Assays to detect LOX-like activity include, for example, assays to measure LOX enzymatic activity (Maach et al. (1997) Plant Physiol. 114:1561-1566, Royo et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 35:21012-21019 and Voros et al. (1998) FEBS Letters 251:36-44).

The proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants of the LOX proteins can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be preferred.

Thus, the genes and nucleotide sequences of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms. Likewise, the proteins of the invention encompass both naturally occurring proteins as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such variants will continue to possess the desired LOX-like activity. Obviously, the mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant must not place the sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.

The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the protein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by either an enhanced resistance to pathogens, or a modulation in a plant developmental process when expression of the protein sequence is altered.

Variant nucleotide sequences and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different LOX coding sequences can be manipulated to create a new LOX possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

For example, using a recombinogenic procedure, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the LOX gene of the invention and other known LOX genes to obtain a new gene coding for a protein with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Likewise, sequences corresponding to regulatory motifs, such as specific cis-acting elements within the promoters of the invention may be shuffled creating improved regulatory functions, such as increased pathogen inducibility or an increased expression. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

The invention also encompasses the 5′ regulatory regions of the LOX5 gene (shown in FIG. 1; SEQ ID NO:53) disclosed herein. The nucleotide sequence of the native 5′ untranslated region (i.e., the promoter region) encompassing nucleotide residues 1 through 2086 of SEQ ID NO:53 is provided in SEQ ID NO:54. It is recognized that having identified the nucleotide sequences for the promoter regions disclosed herein, it is within the state of the art to isolate and identify further regulatory elements in the 5′ untranslated region upstream from the particular promoter regions identified herein. Thus, for example, the promoter regions disclosed herein may further comprise upstream regulatory elements that confer tissue-specific and/or tissue-preferred expression of any heterologous nucleotide sequence operably linked to one of the disclosed promoter sequences. See particularly Australian Patent No. AU-A-77751/94 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,466,785 and 5,635,618. Likewise, promoter regions having homology to the promoters of the invention can be isolated by hybridization under stringent conditions, as described elsewhere herein. Alternatively, the 5′ regions upstream of the coding sequences can be isolated and the promoter region identified.

Pathogen-responsive cis-acting elements have been identified within these promoter regions, such as a GCC box, W-box, H-box and MRE-like elements. It is known that GCC boxes are found in the promoters of many basic PR protein genes, for example basic PR-1s, beta-glucanases, chitinases and osmotin. W-boxes have been implicated in parsley PR1-1, maize PRms, and tobacco class 1-chitinase promoters in fungal elicitor-inducible DNA-binding activity. H boxes, which are found in many promoters of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and which often function in association with G-boxes have been implicated in ABA, light, UV wounding and pathogen responses. Thus, where gene expression in response to a stimulus is desired, an inducible promoter of the invention is the regulatory element of choice. When using an inducible promoter, expression of the nucleotide sequence is initiated in cells in response to a stimulus are described elsewhere herein.

The promoter sequences of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms. Such variant promoter regions can be derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different promoter sequences can be manipulated to create new sequences possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, sequences corresponding to regulatory motifs, such as specific cis-acting elements within the promoters of the invention, may be shuffled, creating improved regulatory functions, such as increased pathogen inducibility. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

Fragments and variants of the promoter nucleotide sequences disclosed herein are also encompassed by the present invention. A fragment of a LOX promoter nucleotide sequence comprises at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, or 2080 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (for example, 2086 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:53 or the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54). Generally, fragments of a promoter sequence that retain their biological activity (i.e., regulate transcription) comprise at least 30, 35, 40 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 contiguous nucleotides, still more preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides of the particular promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. Preferred fragment lengths depend upon the objective and will also vary depending upon the particular promoter sequence.

The nucleotides of such fragments will usually comprise the TATA recognition sequence of the particular promoter sequence. Such fragments may be obtained by use of restriction enzymes to cleave the naturally occurring promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein, by synthesizing a nucleotide sequence from the naturally occurring sequence of the promoter DNA sequence, or may be obtained through the use of PCR technology. See particularly, Mullis et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 155:335-350, and Erlich, ed. (1989) PCR Technology (Stockton Press, New York). Variants of these promoter fragments, such as those resulting from site-directed mutagenesis, are encompassed by the compositions of the present invention.

The nucleotide sequences of the invention, coding and promoter sequences, can be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly other plants. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein. It is to be understood that sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to an entire LOX gene or to the LOX5 gene promoter sequences of the present invention, or to fragments thereof are considered to be encompassed by the present invention. Such sequences include sequences that are orthologs of the disclosed sequences. By “orthologs” is intended genes derived from a common ancestral gene and which are found in different species as a result of speciation. Genes found in different species are considered orthologs when their nucleotide sequences and/or their encoded protein sequences share substantial identity as defined elsewhere herein. Functions of orthologs are often highly conserved among species. Thus, isolated nucleotide sequences that either encode a LOX polypeptide or, represent a LOX gene promoter, and which hybridize under stringent conditions to the corresponding LOX sequence disclosed herein, or to fragments thereof, are encompassed by the present invention.

In a PCR approach, oligonucleotide primers can be designed for use in PCR reactions to amplify corresponding DNA sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from any plant of interest. Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, New York). Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially-mismatched primers, and the like.

In hybridization techniques, all or part of a known nucleotide sequence is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding nucleotide sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism. The hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group such as ³²P, or any other detectable marker. Thus, for example, probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the disease resistant sequences of the invention. Methods for preparation of probes for hybridization and for construction of cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

For example, an entire nucleotide sequence disclosed herein that is derived from either the coding sequence or the putative promoter sequence of the LOX5 gene provided in SEQ ID NO:54, or one or more portions thereof, may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to the corresponding LOX sequences and messenger RNAs. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include sequences that are unique among disease resistant sequences and are preferably at least about 10 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Such probes may be used to amplify corresponding sequences from a chosen organism by PCR. This technique may be used to isolate additional coding sequences from a desired organism or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of coding sequences in an organism. Hybridization techniques include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)-0.61 (% form)-500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with >90% identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 101C lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York); and Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

In general, sequences that encode a LOX polypeptide and which hybridize under stringent conditions to the LOX sequences disclosed herein, or to fragments thereof, are encompassed by the present invention. Similarly, isolated nucleotide sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions to the Zea mays LOX5 promoter sequence disclosed herein (SEQ ID NO:54) and have promoter activity, or isolated sequences that hybridize to fragments of SEQ ID NO:54 that are capable of directing the expression of an coding sequence operably linked thereto, are encompassed by the present invention. The LOX5 gene promoter was isolated from the 5′ untranslated region flanking its transcription initiation site. Methods for isolation of promoter regions are well known in the art. A promoter may additionally comprise other recognition sequences generally positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box, referred to as upstream promoter elements or cis-acting elements, which influence the transcription initiation rate.

It is to be understood that the scope of the invention disclosed herein encompasses fragments of the LOX5 promoter sequence disclosed herein that operate to promote the expression of an operably linked heterologous nucleotide sequence. These fragments will comprise at least about 40 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least about 50 consecutive nucleotides, more preferably at least about 75 consecutive nucleotides of the particular promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.

The nucleotides of the fragments encompassed by the invention will usually comprise the TATA recognition sequence of the particular promoter sequence. Such fragments may be obtained by use of restriction enzymes to cleave the naturally occurring promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein; by synthesizing a nucleotide sequence from the naturally occurring sequence of the promoter DNA sequence; or may be obtained through the use of PCR technology. See particularly, Mullis et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 155:335-350, and Erlich, ed. (1989) PCR Technology (Stockton Press, New York). Variants of these promoter fragments, such as those resulting from site-directed mutagenesis, are also encompassed by the compositions of the present invention.

Nucleic acid molecules that are represent a fragment of the Zea mays LOX5 promoter disclosed herein may comprise at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800 or 900 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in the full-length promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (i.e. 2086 nucleotides or base pairs). Fragments of a promoter sequence that retain their regulatory activity comprise at least 30, 35, 40 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 contiguous nucleotides, still more preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides of the particular promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. Preferred fragment lengths depend upon the objective and will also vary depending upon the particular promoter sequence.

It is recognized that the nucleotide sequence of the LOX5 promoter disclosed in the present invention, as well as variants and fragments thereof, are useful in the genetic manipulation of any plant when operably linked with a heterologous nucleotide sequence whose expression is to be induced by a particular stimulus to achieve a desired phenotypic response.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, (d) “percentage of sequence identity”, and (e) “substantial identity”. (a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.

(b) As used herein, “comparison window” makes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Non-limiting examples of such mathematical algorithms are the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4:11-17; the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482; the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453; the search-for-similarity-method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444-2448; the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 872264, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877.

Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins et al. (1988) Gene 73:237-244 (1988); Higgins et al. (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153; Corpet et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881-90; Huang et al. (1992) CABIOS 8:155-65; and Pearson et al. (1994) Meth. Mol. Biol. 24:307-331. The ALIGN program is based on the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) supra. A PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used with the ALIGN program when comparing amino acid sequences. The BLAST programs of Altschul et al (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403 are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) supra. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTN program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the BLASTX program, score=50, wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein or polypeptide of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et al. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for proteins) can be used. See: www.ncbi.hlm.nih.gov. Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3; % similarity using Gap Weight of 12 and Length Weight of 4, or any equivalent program. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the preferred program.

GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453, to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package for protein sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 200. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 or greater.

GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity, and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package is BLOSUM62 (see Henikoff and Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

For purposes of the present invention, comparison of nucleotide or protein sequences for determination of percent sequence identity to the LOX sequences disclosed herein is preferably made using the ClustalW program (Version 1.7 or later) with its default parameters or any equivalent program. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the preferred program.

(c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.).

(d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

(e)(i) The term “substantial identity” of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters. One of skill in the art will recognize that these values can be appropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of proteins encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning, and the like. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more.

Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, stringent conditions encompass temperatures in the range of about 1° C. to about 20° C., depending upon the desired degree of stringency as otherwise qualified herein. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is when the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid.

(e)(ii) The term “substantial identity” in the context of a peptide indicates that a peptide comprises a sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to a reference sequence, preferably 80%, more preferably 85%, most preferably at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the reference sequence over a specified comparison window. Preferably, optimal alignment is conducted using the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453. An indication that two peptide sequences are substantially identical is that one peptide is immunologically reactive with antibodies raised against the second peptide. Thus, a peptide is substantially identical to a second peptide, for example, where the two peptides differ only by a conservative substitution. Peptides that are “substantially similar” share sequences as noted above except that residue positions that are not identical may differ by conservative amino acid changes.

Pathogens and Pests

Compositions and methods for controlling pathogenic agents are provided. The antipathogenic compositions comprise nucleotide and polypeptide sequences. Particularly, maize LOX nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are provided. Accordingly, the compositions and methods are useful in protecting plants against fungal pathogens, viruses, nematodes, insects, and the like.

By “disease resistance” or “pathogen resistance” is intended that the plants avoid the disease symptoms which are the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. That is, pathogens are prevented from causing plant diseases and the associated disease symptoms, or alternatively, the disease symptoms caused by the pathogen is minimized or lessened. The methods of the invention can be utilized to protect plants from disease, particularly those diseases that are caused by plant pathogens.

By “antipathogenic compositions” is intended that the compositions of the invention have antipathogenic activity and thus are capable of suppressing, controlling, and/or killing the invading pathogenic organism. An antipathogenic composition of the invention will reduce the disease symptoms resulting from pathogen challenge by at least about 5% to about 50%, at least about 10% to about 60%, at least about 30% to about 70%, at least about 40% to about 80%, or at least about 50% to about 90% or greater. Hence, the methods of the invention can be utilized to protect plants from disease, particularly those diseases that are caused by plant pathogens.

Assays that measure antipathogenic activity are commonly known in the art, as are methods to quantitate disease resistance in plants following pathogen infection. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,395, herein incorporated by reference. Such techniques include, measuring over time, the average lesion diameter, the pathogen biomass, and the overall percentage of decayed plant tissues. For example, a plant either expressing an antipathogenic polypeptide or having an antipathogenic composition applied to its surface shows a decrease in tissue necrosis (i.e., lesion diameter) or a decrease in plant death following pathogen challenge when compared to a control plant that was not exposed to the antipathogenic composition. Alternatively, antipathogenic activity can be measured by a decrease in pathogen biomass. For example, a plant expressing an antipathogenic polypeptide or exposed to an antipathogenic composition is challenged with a pathogen of interest. Over time, tissue samples from the pathogen-inoculated tissues are obtained and RNA is extracted. The percent of a specific pathogen RNA transcript relative to the level of a plant specific transcript allows the level of pathogen biomass to be determined. See, for example, Thomma et al. (1998) Plant Biology 95:15107-15111, herein incorporated by reference.

Furthermore, in vitro antipathogenic assays include, for example, the addition of varying concentrations of the antipathogenic composition to paper disks and placing the disks on agar containing a suspension of the pathogen of interest. Following incubation, clear inhibition zones develop around the discs that contain an effective concentration of the antipathogenic polypeptide (Liu et al. (1994) Plant Biology 91:1888-1892, herein incorporated by reference). Additionally, microspectrophotometrical analysis can be used to measure the in vitro antipathogenic properties of a composition (Hu et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 34:949-959 and Cammue et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2228-2233, both of which are herein incorporated by reference).

Methods for increasing pathogen resistance in a plant are provided. The methods involve stably transforming a plant with a DNA construct comprising an antipathogenic nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to promoter that drives expression in a plant. Such methods may find use in agriculture particularly in limiting the impact of plant pathogens on crop plants. The antipathogenic nucleotide sequences comprise the maize LOX nucleic acid molecules and fragments and variants thereof. While the choice of promoter will depend on the desired timing and location of expression of the antipathogenic nucleotide sequences, preferred promoters include constitutive and pathogen-inducible promoters.

Additionally, the compositions can be used in formulation use for their disease resistance activities. The proteins of the invention can be formulated with an acceptable carrier into a pesticidal composition(s) that is for example, a suspension, a solution, an emulsion, a dusting powder, a dispersible granule, a wettable powder, and an emulsifiable concentrate, an aerosol, an impregnated granule, an adjuvant, a coatable paste, and also encapsulations in, for example, polymer substances.

Additionally, transformed plants, plant cells, plant tissues and seeds thereof are provided.

It is understood in the art that plant DNA viruses and fungal pathogens remodel the control of the host replication and gene expression machinery to accomplish their own replication and effective infection. The present invention may be useful in preventing such corruption of the cell.

As discussed above, the sequences encoding the sunflower LOX are involved in many basic biochemical pathways and cellular functions that influence the plant defense response. Hence, the sequences of the invention may find use in disrupting cellular function of plant pathogens or insect pests as well as altering the defense mechanisms of a host plant to enhance resistance to disease or insect pests. While the invention is not bound by any particular mechanism of action, the gene products, probably proteins or polypeptides, function to inhibit or prevent plant diseases in a plant. Such gene products may be antipathogenic. It is recognized that the present invention is not dependent upon a particular mechanism of defense. Rather, the genes and methods of the invention work to increase resistance of the plant to pathogens independent of how that resistance is increased or achieved.

The methods of the invention can be used with other methods available in the art for enhancing disease resistance in plants. Similarly, the plant defense mechanisms described herein may be used alone or in combination with other proteins or agents to protect against plant diseases and pathogens. Although any one of a variety of second nucleotide sequences may be utilized, specific embodiments of the invention encompass those second nucleotide sequences that, when expressed in a plant, help to increase the resistance of a plant to pathogens. It is recognized that such second nucleotide sequences may be used in either the sense or antisense orientation depending on the desired outcome. Other plant defense proteins include those described in WO 99/43823 and WO 99/43821, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Pathogens of the invention include, but are not limited to, viruses or viroids, bacteria, insects, nematodes, fungi, and the like. Viruses include any plant virus, for example, tobacco or cucumber mosaic virus, ringspot virus, necrosis virus, maize dwarf mosaic virus, etc. Specific fungal and viral pathogens for the major crops include: Soybeans: Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Phomopsis sojae), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, Sclerotium rolfsii, Cercospora kikuchii, Cercospora sojina, Peronospora manshurica, Colletotrichum dematium (Colletotichum truncatum), Corynespora cassiicola, Septoria glycines, Phyllosticta sojicola, Alternaria alternata, Pseudomonas syringae p.v. glycinea, Xanthomonas campestris p.v. phaseoli, Microsphaera diffusa, Fusarium semitectum, Phialophora gregata, Soybean mosaic virus, Glomerella glycines, Tobacco Ring spot virus, Tobacco Streak virus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium ultimum, Pythium debaryanum, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Heterodera glycines Fusarium solani; Canola: Albugo candida, Alternaria brassicae, Leptosphaeria maculans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycosphaerella brassiccola, Pythium ultimum, Peronospora parasitica, Fusarium roseum, Alternaria alternata; Alfalfa: Clavibater michiganese subsp. insidiosum, Pythium ultimum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium splendens, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora megasperma, Peronospora trifoliorum, Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis, Cercospora medicaginis, Pseudopeziza medicaginis, Leptotrochila medicaginis, Fusarium, Xanthomonas campestris p.v. alfalfae, Aphanomyces euteiches, Stemphylium herbarum, Stemphylium alfalfae; Wheat: Pseudomonas syringae p.v. atrofaciens, Urocystis agropyri, Xanthomonas campestris p.v. translucens, Pseudomonas syringae p.v. syringae, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Ustilago tritici, Ascochyta tritici, Cephalosporium gramineum, Collotetrichum graminicola, Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Septoria nodorum, Septoria tritici, Septoria avenae, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia cerealis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium arrhenomanes, Pythium ultimum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus, Brome Mosaic Virus, Soil Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus, Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus, Wheat Spindle Streak Virus, American Wheat Striate Virus, Claviceps purpurea, Tilletia tritici, Tilletia laevis, Ustilago tritici, Tilletia indica, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium arrhenomannes, Pythium gramicola, Pythium aphanidermatum, High Plains Virus, European wheat striate virus; Sunflower: Orobanche, Plasmophora halstedii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Aster Yellows, Septoria helianthi, Phomopsis helianthi, Alternaria helianthi, Alternaria zinniae, Botrytis cinerea, Phoma macdonaldii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Puccinia helianthi, Verticillium dahliae, Erwinia carotovorum pv. carotovora, Cephalosporium acremonium, Phytophthora cryptogea, Albugo tragopogonis; Corn: Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, Erwinia stewartii, Fusarium moniliforme, Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), Stenocarpella maydi (Diplodia maydis), Pythium irregulare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium graminicola, Pythium splendens, Pythium ultimum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Aspergillus flavus, Bipolaris maydis O, T (Cochliobolus heterostrophus), Helminthosporium carbonum I, II & III (Cochliobolus carbonum), Exserohilum turcicum I, II & III, Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Physoderma maydis, Phyllosticta maydis, Kabatiella maydis, Cercospora sorghi, Ustilago maydis, Puccinia sorghi, Puccinia polysora, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium oxalicum, Nigrospora oryzae, Cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia lunata, Curvularia inaequalis, Curvularia pallescens, Clavibacter michiganense subsp. nebraskense, Trichoderma viride, Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus A & B, Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus, Claviceps sorghi, Pseudonomas avenae, Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zea, Erwinia carotovora, Corn stunt spiroplasma, Diplodia macrospora, Sclerophthora macrospora, Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis, Peronosclerospora maydis, Peronosclerospora sacchari, Sphacelotheca reiliana, Physopella zeae, Cephalosporium maydis, Cephalosporium acremonium, Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus, High Plains Virus, Maize Mosaic Virus, Maize Rayado Fino Virus, Maize Streak Virus, Maize Stripe Virus, Maize Rough Dwarf Virus; Sorghum: Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum graminicola (Glomerella graminicola), Cercospora sorghi, Gloeocercospora sorghi, Ascochyta sorghina, Pseudomonas syringae p.v. syringae, Xanthomonas campestris p.v. holcicola, Pseudomonas andropogonis, Puccinia purpurea, Macrophomina phaseolina, Perconia circinata, Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorghicola, Helminthosporium sorghicola, Curvularia lunata, Phoma insidiosa, Pseudomonas avenae (Pseudomonas alboprecipitans), Ramulispora sorghi, Ramulispora sorghicola, Phyllachara sacchari, Sporisorium reilianum (Sphacelotheca reiliana), Sphacelotheca cruenta, Sporisorium sorghi, Sugarcane mosaic H, Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus A & B, Claviceps sorghi, Rhizoctonia solani, Acremonium strictum, Sclerophthona macrospora, Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis, Sclerospora graminicola, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium arrhenomanes, Pythium graminicola, etc.

Nematodes include parasitic nematodes such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, including Heterodera and Globodera spp; particularly Globodera rostochiensis and globodera pailida (potato cyst nematodes); Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode); Heterodera schachtii (beet cyst nematode); and Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode).

Insect pests include insects selected from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mallophaga, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, etc., particularly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Insect pests of the invention for the major crops include: Maize: Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Diatraea grandiosella, southwestern corn borer; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Diatraea saccharalis, surgarcane borer; Diabrotica virgifera, western corn rootworm; Diabrotica longicornis barberi, northern corn rootworm; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, southern corn rootworm; Melanotus spp., wireworms; Cyclocephala borealis, northern masked chafer (white grub); Cyclocephala immaculata, southern masked chafer (white grub); Popillia japonica, Japanese beetle; Chaetocnema pulicaria, corn flea beetle; Sphenophorus maidis, maize billbug; Rhopalosiphum maidis, corn leaf aphid; Anuraphis maidiradicis, corn root aphid; Blissus leucopterus leucopterus, chinch bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus sanguinipes, migratory grasshopper; Hylemya platura, seedcorn maggot; Agromyza parvicornis, corn blot leafininer; Anaphothrips obscrurus, grass thrips; Solenopsis milesta, thief ant; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Sorghum: Chilo partellus, sorghum borer; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Feltia subterranea, granulate cutworm; Phyllophaga crinita, white grub; Eleodes, Conoderus, and Aeolus spp., wireworms; Oulema melanopus, cereal leaf beetle; Chaetocnema pulicaria, corn flea beetle; Sphenophorus maidis, maize billbug; Rhopalosiphum maidis; corn leaf aphid; Sipha flava, yellow sugarcane aphid; Blissus leucopterus leucopterus, chinch bug; Contarinia sorghicola, sorghum midge; Tetranychus cinnabarinus, carmine spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite; Wheat: Pseudaletia unipunctata, army worm; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Agrotis orthogonia, western cutworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Oulema melanopus, cereal leaf beetle; Hypera punctata, clover leaf weevil; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, southern corn rootworm; Russian wheat aphid; Schizaphis graminum, greenbug; Macrosiphum avenae, English grain aphid; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Melanoplus sanguinipes, migratory grasshopper; Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly; Sitodiplosis mosellana, wheat midge; Meromyza americana, wheat stem maggot; Hylemya coarctata, wheat bulb fly; Frankliniella fusca, tobacco thrips; Cephus cinctus, wheat stem sawfly; Aceria tulipae, wheat curl mite; Sunflower: Suleima helianthana, sunflower bud moth; Homoeosoma electellum, sunflower moth; zygogramma exclamationis, sunflower beetle; Bothyrus gibbosus, carrot beetle; Neolasioptera murtfeldtiana, sunflower seed midge; Cotton: Heliothis virescens, cotton budworm; Helicoverpa zea, cotton bollworm; Spodoptera exigua, beet armyworm; Pectinophora gossypiella, pink bollworm; Anthonomus grandis grandis, boll weevil; Aphis gossypii, cotton aphid; Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, cotton fleahopper; Trialeurodes abutilonea, bandedwinged whitefly; Lygus lineolaris, tarnished plant bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Thrips tabaci, onion thrips; Franklinkiella fusca, tobacco thrips; Tetranychus cinnabarinus, carmine spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite; Rice: Diatraea saccharalis, sugarcane borer; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Colaspis brunnea, grape colaspis; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, rice water weevil; Sitophilus oryzae, rice weevil; Nephotettix nigropictus, rice leafhopper; Blissus leucopterus leucopterus, chinch bug; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Soybean: Pseudoplusia includens, soybean looper; Anticarsia gemmatalis, velvetbean caterpillar; Plathypena scabra, green cloverworm; Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Spodoptera exigua, beet armyworm; Heliothis virescens, cotton budworm; Helicoverpa zea, cotton bollworm; Epilachna varivestis, Mexican bean beetle; Myzus persicae, green peach aphid; Empoasca fabae, potato leafhopper; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Hylemya platura, seedcorn maggot; Sericothrips variabilis, soybean thrips; Thrips tabaci, onion thrips; Tetranychus turkestani, strawberry spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Barley: Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Schizaphis graminum, greenbug; Blissus leucopterus leucopterus, chinch bug; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Euschistus servus, brown stink bug; Delia platura, seedcorn maggot; Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly; Petrobia latens, brown wheat mite; Oil Seed Rape: Brevicoryne brassicae, cabbage aphid; Phyllotreta cruciferae, Flea beetle; Mamestra configurata, Bertha armyworm; Plutella xylostella, Diamond-back moth; Delia ssp., Root maggots.

Expression of Sequences

The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention can be expressed in a host cell such as bacteria, yeast, insect, mammalian, or preferably plant cells. It is expected that those of skill in the art are knowledgeable in the numerous expression systems available for expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention. No attempt to describe in detail the various methods known for the expression of proteins in prokaryotes or eukaryotes will be made.

As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous structural gene is from a species different from that from which the structural gene was derived, or, if from the same species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form. A heterologous protein may originate from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its original form by deliberate human intervention.

By “host cell” is meant a cell, which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells. Preferably, host cells are monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant cells. A particularly preferred monocotyledonous host cell is a maize host cell.

The disease resistant sequences of the invention are provided in expression cassettes or DNA constructs for expression in the plant of interest. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a LOX sequence of the invention. For example, SEQ ID NO:53 provides the nucleotide sequence of a genomic clone for the Zea mays LOX5 gene, which encompasses both a 2086 base pair promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:54) as well as sequence downstream from the 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO:55). Alternatively, an expression cassette according to then invention could comprise suitable heterologous promoter capable of directing expression of a LOX gene coding sequence. By “operably linked” is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame. Thus as used herein the term “operably linked” indicates the transcription or translation of a heterologous nucleotide sequence is under the influence of the promoter sequence. In this manner, the nucleotide sequences for the promoters of the invention are provided in expression cassettes along with heterologous nucleotide sequences for expression in the plant of interest.

Expression cassettes of the invention may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the disease resistant sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a disease resistant DNA sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. The transcriptional initiation region, the promoter, may be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the plant host. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By “foreign” or “heterologous” is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is either not found in the native plant, into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced; or not found naturally found in association with the coding sequence to which it is operably linked. By “homologous” is intended that the transcription initiation region or promoter is found in the native plant into which the transcription initiation region is introduced; or is naturally found in association with the coding sequence to which it is operably linked. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

While it may be preferable to express the sequences using heterologous promoters, the native promoter sequences may be used. Such constructs would change expression levels of the disease resistant RNA/protein in the plant or plant cell. Thus, the phenotype of the plant or plant cell is altered. Alternatively, the Zea mays LOX5 gene promoter nucelotide sequence provided herein can be utilized to direct the expression of any of the disease resistance coding sequences provided herein.

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. That is, the nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, tissue-preferred, or other promoters for expression in plants. Such constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; Scpl promoter (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/028,819), rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. application Ser. No. 08/409,297), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142.

Generally, it will be beneficial to express the gene from an inducible promoter, particularly from a pathogen-inducible promoter. Such promoters include those from pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins), which are induced following infection by a pathogen; e.g., PR proteins, SAR proteins, beta-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, etc. See, for example, Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 89:245-254; Uknes et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:645-656; and Van Loon (1985) Plant Mol. Virol. 4:111-116. See also “Inducible Maize Promoters”, WO 99/43819, published Sep. 9, 1999, herein incorporated by reference.

Of interest are promoters that are expressed locally at or near the site of pathogen infection. See, for example, Marineau et al. (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. 9:335-342; Matton et al. (1989) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2:325-331; Somsisch et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2427-2430; Somsisch et al. (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. 2:93-98; and Yang (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14972-14977. See also, Chen et al. (1996) Plant J 10:955-966; Zhang et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2507-2511; Warner et al. (1993) Plant J. 3:191-201; Siebertz et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1:961-968; U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,386 (nematode-inducible); and the references cited therein. Of particular interest is the inducible promoter for the maize PRms gene, whose expression is induced by the pathogen Fusarium moniliforme (see, for example, Cordero et al. (1992) Physiol. Mol. Plant Path. 41:189-200).

Additionally, as pathogens find entry into plants through wounds or insect damage, a wound-inducible promoter may be used in the constructions of the invention. Such wound-inducible promoters include potato proteinase inhibitor (pin II) gene (Ryan (1990) Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 28:425-449; Duan et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:494-498); wun1 and wun2, U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,148; win1 and win2 (Stanford et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genet. 215:200-208); systemin (McGurl et al. (1992) Science 225:1570-1573); WIP1 (Rohmeier et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22:783-792; Eckelkamp et al. (1993) FEBS Letters 323:73-76); MPI gene (Corderok et al. (1994) Plant J. 6(2): 141-150); and the like, herein incorporated by reference.

Chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical-inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Chemical-inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2):247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611.

Where low level expression is desired, weak promoters will be used. Generally, by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. By low level is intended at levels of about 1/1000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts to about 1/500,000 transcripts. Alternatively, it is recognized that weak promoters also encompasses promoters that are expressed in only a few cells and not in others to give a total low level of expression. Where a promoter is expressed at unacceptably high levels, portions of the promoter sequence can be deleted or modified to decrease expression levels.

Such weak constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter (WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050), the core 35S CaMV promoter, and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,611, herein incorporated by reference.

Tissue-preferred promoters can be used to target antipathogenic gene expression within a particular tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters include Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7):792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen. Genet. 254(3):337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2):157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(3):1331-1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):525-535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:181-196; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6):1129-1138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J 4(3):495-505. Such promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression.

“Seed-preferred” promoters include both “seed-specific” promoters (those promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins) as well as “seed-germinating” promoters (those promoters active during seed germination). See Thompson et al. (1989) BioEssays 10:108, herein incorporated by reference. Such seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, Cim1 (cytokinin-induced message); cZ19B1 (maize 19 kDa zein); milps (myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase); and celA (cellulose synthase) (see WO 00/11177, herein incorporated by reference). Gama-zein is a preferred endosperm-specific promoter. Glob-1 is a preferred embryo-specific promoter. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, bean β-phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin, and the like. For monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, maize 15 kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, g-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2, globulin 1, etc. See also WO 00/12733, where seed-preferred promoters from end1 and end2 genes are disclosed; herein incorporated by reference.

Leaf-specific promoters are known in the art. See, for example, Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J 12(2):255-265; Kwon et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:357-67; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Gotor et al. (1993) Plant J 3:509-18; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6):1129-1138; and Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586-9590.

Root-preferred promoters are known and can be selected from the many available from the literature or isolated de novo from various compatible species. See, for example, Hire et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20(2):207-218 (soybean root-specific glutamine synthetase gene); Keller and Baumgartner (1991) Plant Cell 3(10):1051-1061 (root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean); Sanger et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14(3):433-443 (root-specific promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens); and Miao et al. (1991) Plant Cell 3(1):11-22 (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS), which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean). See also Bogusz et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2(7):633-641, where two root-specific promoters isolated from hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Parasponia andersonii and the related non-nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Trema tomentosa are described. The promoters of these genes were linked to a β-glucuronidase reporter gene and introduced into both the nonlegume Nicotiana tabacum and the legume Lotus corniculatus, and in both instances root-specific promoter activity was preserved. Leach and Aoyagi (1991) describe their analysis of the promoters of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (see Plant Science (Limerick) 79(1):69-76). They concluded that enhancer and tissue-specific DNA determinants are dissociated in those promoters. Teeri et al. (1989) used gene fusion to lacZ to show that the Agrobacterium T-DNA gene encoding octopine synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and that the TR2′ gene is root specific in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in leaf tissue, an especially desirable combination of characteristics for use with an insecticidal or larvicidal gene (see EMBO J. 8(2):343-350). The TR1′ gene, fused to nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) showed similar characteristics. Additional root-preferred promoters include the VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter (Kuster et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29(4):759-772); and rolB promoter (Capana et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25(4):681-691. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; and 5,023,179.

The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639.

Where appropriate, the gene(s) may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the genes can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression cassette construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) PNAS USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Allison et al. (1986); MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus); Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP), (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968. Other methods known to enhance translation can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

Generally, the expression cassette will comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). See generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506-511; Christopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314-6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63-72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419-2422; Barkley et al. (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177-220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell 48:555-566; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603-612; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713-722; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA 86:5400-5404; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549-2553; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480-483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1917-1921; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3343-3356; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952-3956; Baim et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5072-5076; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol. Struc. Biol. 10:143-162; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1591-1595; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27:1094-1104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913-919; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference. The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass nucleotide constructs that may be employed in methods for altering or mutating a genomic nucleotide sequence in an organism, including, but not limited to, chimeric vectors, chimeric mutational vectors, chimeric repair vectors, mixed-duplex oligonucleotides, self-complementary chimeric oligonucleotides, and recombinogenic oligonucleobases. Such nucleotide constructs and methods of use, such as, for example, chimeraplasty, are known in the art. Chimeraplasty involves the use of such nucleotide constructs to introduce site-specific changes into the sequence of genomic DNA within an organism. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,350; 5,731,181; 5,756,325; 5,760,012; 5,795,972; and 5,871,984; all of which are herein incorporated by reference. See also, WO 98/49350, WO 99/07865, WO 99/25821, and Beetham et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8774-8778; herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acids of interest are targeted to the chloroplast for expression. In this manner, where the nucleic acid of interest is not directly inserted into the chloroplast, the expression cassette will additionally contain a nucleic acid encoding a transit peptide to direct the gene product of interest to the chloroplasts. Such transit peptides are known in the art. See, for example, Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481.

Chloroplast targeting sequences are known in the art and include the chloroplast small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) (de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 30:769-780; Schnell et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266(5):3335-3342); 5-(enolpyruvyl) shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) (Archer et al. (1990) J. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 22(6):789-810); tryptophan synthase (Zhao et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270(11):6081-6087); plastocyanin (Lawrence et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272(33):20357-20363); chorismate synthase (Schmidt et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268(36):27447-27457); and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHBP) (Lamppa et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:14996-14999). See also Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481.

Methods for transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:913-917; Svab and Maliga (1993) EMBO J. 12:601-606. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305.

The nucleic acids of interest to be targeted to the chloroplast may be optimized for expression in the chloroplast to account for differences in codon usage between the plant nucleus and this organelle. In this manner, the nucleic acids of interest may be synthesized using chloroplast-preferred codons. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831, herein incorporated by reference.

Transformation

DNA constructs comprising the LOX nucleotide sequences, or alternatively, DNA constructs comprising the LOX5 Zea mays gene promoter of the invention operably linked to a nucleotide sequence of interest can be used to transform any host cell (i.e., prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, insect, plant and mammalian cells).

The methods of the invention involve introducing a nucleotide construct into a host cell. By “introducing” is intended presenting to the cell the nucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of a cell. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a host cell, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the host (i.e. plant). Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into host cell are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.

By “stable transformation” is intended that the nucleotide construct introduced into a host cell integrates into the genome of the cell and is capable of being inherited by progeny thereof. By “transient transformation” is intended that a nucleotide construct introduced into a host cell does not integrate into the genome of the cell.

It is to be understood that the method of transformation/transfection is not critical to the instant invention; various methods of transformation or transfection are currently available. Thus, any method, which provides for effective transformation/transfection may be employed. For example, the nucleotide constructs (e.g., expression constructs) of the invention may be introduced into host cells by contacting cells with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct of the invention within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that the LOX protein of the invention may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant protein. Further, it is recognized that the promoter of the invention also encompasses a promoter promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931; herein incorporated by reference.

In this manner, genetically modified plants, plant cells, plant tissue, seed, and the like can be obtained. Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926); and Lec1 transformation (WO 00/28058). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, New York), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited, and then seeds are harvested to ensure constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plants of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassaya (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and muskmelon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum.

Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, corn, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.), more preferably corn and soybean plants, yet more preferably corn plants.

Prokaryotic cells may be used as hosts for expression. Prokaryotes most frequently are represented by various strains of E. coli; however, other microbial strains may also be used. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences which are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding sequences, include such commonly used promoters as the beta lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Chang et al. (1977) Nature 198:1056), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4057) and the lambda derived P L promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature 292:128). The inclusion of selection markers in DNA vectors transfected in E coli is also useful. Examples of such markers include genes specifying resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol.

The vector is selected to allow introduction into the appropriate host cell. Bacterial vectors are typically of plasmid or phage origin. Appropriate bacterial cells are infected with phage vector particles or transfected with naked phage vector DNA. If a plasmid vector is used, the bacterial cells are transfected with the plasmid vector DNA. Expression systems for expressing a protein of the present invention are available using Bacillus sp. and Salmonella (Palva et al. (1983) Gene 22:229-235); Mosbach et al. (1983) Nature 302:543-545).

A variety of eukaryotic expression systems such as yeast, insect cell lines, plant and mammalian cells, are known to those of skill in the art. As explained briefly below, a polynucleotide of the present invention can be expressed in these eukaryotic systems. In some embodiments, transformed/transfected plant cells, as discussed infra, are employed as expression systems for production of the proteins of the instant invention.

Synthesis of heterologous nucleotide sequences in yeast is well known (Sherman et al. (1982) Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Two widely utilized yeasts for production of eukaryotic proteins are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Vectors, strains, and protocols for expression in Saccharomyces and Pichia are known in the art and available from commercial suppliers (e.g., Invitrogen). Suitable vectors usually have expression control sequences, such as promoters, including 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or alcohol oxidase, and an origin of replication, termination sequences and the like as desired.

A protein of the present invention, once expressed, can be isolated from yeast by lysing the cells and applying standard protein isolation techniques to the lysates. The monitoring of the purification process can be accomplished by using Western blot techniques, radioimmunoassay, or other standard immunoassay techniques.

The sequences of the present invention can also be ligated to various expression vectors for use in transfecting cell cultures of, for instance, mammalian, insect, or plant origin. Illustrative cell cultures useful for the production of the peptides are mammalian cells. A number of suitable host cell lines capable of expressing intact proteins have been developed in the art, and include the HEK293, BHK21, and CHO cell lines. Expression vectors for these cells can include expression control sequences, such as an origin of replication, a promoter (e.g. the CMV promoter, a HSV tk promoter or pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter), an enhancer (Queen et al. (1986) Immunol. Rev. 89:49), and necessary processing information sites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences. Other animal cells useful for production of proteins of the present invention are available, for instance, from the American Type Culture Collection.

Appropriate vectors for expressing proteins of the present invention in insect cells are usually derived from the SF9 baculovirus. Suitable insect cell lines include mosquito larvae, silkworm, armyworm, moth and Drosophila cell lines such as a Schneider cell line (See, Schneider (1987) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 27:353-365).

As with yeast, when higher animal or plant host cells are employed, polyadenylation or transcription terminator sequences are typically incorporated into the vector. An example of a terminator sequence is the polyadenylation sequence from the bovine growth hormone gene. Sequences for accurate splicing of the transcript may also be included. An example of a splicing sequence is the VP1 intron from SV40 (Sprague et al.(1983) J. Virol. 45:773-781). Additionally, gene sequences to control replication in the host cell may be incorporated into the vector such as those found in bovine papilloma virus type-vectors (Saveria-Campo (1985) DNA Cloning Vol. II a Practical Approach, D. M. Glover, Ed., IRL Press, Arlington, Va., pp. 213-238).

Animal and lower eukaryotic (e.g., yeast) host cells are competent or rendered competent for transfection by various means. There are several well-known methods of introducing DNA into animal cells. These include: calcium phosphate precipitation, fusion of the recipient cells with bacterial protoplasts containing the DNA, treatment of the recipient cells with liposomes containing the DNA, DEAE dextrin, electroporation, biolistics, and micro-injection of the DNA directly into the cells. The transfected cells are cultured by means well known in the art (Kuchler (1997) Biochemical Methods in Cell Culture and Virology, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.).

Methods for Modulating Expression of the Antipathogenic Sequences

The present invention further provides a method for modulating (i.e., increasing or decreasing) the concentration or composition of the sequences of the present invention in a plant or part thereof. Increasing or decreasing the concentration and/or the composition (i.e., the ratio of the polypeptides of the present invention) in a plant can effect modulation. The method comprises introducing into a plant cell, a recombinant expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention as described above to obtain a transformed plant cell, culturing the transformed plant cell under plant cell growing conditions, and inducing or repressing expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in the plant for a time sufficient to modulate concentration and/or composition in the plant or plant part.

In some embodiments, the content and/or composition of polypeptides of the present invention in a plant may be modulated by altering, in vivo or in vitro, the promoter of a gene to up- or down-regulate gene expression. Alternately, the nucleotide sequence of the LOX5 gene promoter of the invention (SEQ ID NO:54) could be altered (e.g., mutated) and then utilized to modulate the expression of a coding sequence of interest that is operably linked thereto. In some embodiments, the coding regions of native genes of the present invention can be altered via substitution, addition, insertion, or deletion to decrease activity of the encoded enzyme. See, e.g., Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868. And in some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid (e.g., a vector) comprising a promoter sequence is transfected into a plant cell. Subsequently, a plant cell comprising the promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of the present invention is selected for by means known to those of skill in the art such as, but not limited to, Southern blot, DNA sequencing, or PCR analysis using primers specific to the promoter and to the gene and detecting amplicons produced therefrom. A plant or plant part altered or modified by the foregoing embodiments is grown under plant forming conditions for a time sufficient to modulate the concentration and/or composition of polypeptides of the present invention in the plant. Plant forming conditions are well known in the art and discussed briefly, supra.

In general, the concentration of a composition of the invention is increased or decreased by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% relative to a native control plant, plant part, or cell lacking the aforementioned recombinant expression cassette. Modulation in the present invention may occur during and/or subsequent to growth of the plant to the desired stage of development. Modulating nucleic acid expression temporally and/or in particular tissues can be controlled by employing the appropriate promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of the present invention in, for example, sense or antisense orientation as discussed in greater detail, infra. Induction of expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention can also be controlled by exogenous administration of an effective amount of inducing compound. Inducible promoters and inducing compounds, which activate expression from these promoters, are well known in the art. In various embodiments, the polypeptides of the present invention are modulated in monocots, particularly maize.

It is recognized that with these nucleotide sequences, antisense constructions, complementary to at least a portion of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the disease resistant sequences of the invention can be constructed. Antisense nucleotides are constructed to hybridize with the corresponding mRNA. Modifications of the antisense sequences may be made as long as the sequences hybridize to and interfere with expression of the corresponding mRNA. In this manner, antisense constructions having 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 85% sequence identity to the corresponding antisensed sequences may be used. Furthermore, portions of the antisense nucleotides may be used to disrupt the expression of the target gene. Generally, sequences of at least 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, or greater may be used.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may also be used in the sense orientation to suppress the expression of endogenous genes in plants. Methods for suppressing gene expression in plants using nucleotide sequences in the sense orientation are known in the art. The methods generally involve transforming plants with a DNA construct comprising a promoter that drives expression in a plant operably linked to at least a portion of a nucleotide sequence that corresponds to the transcript of the endogenous gene. Typically, such a nucleotide sequence has substantial sequence identity to the sequence of the transcript of the endogenous gene, preferably greater than about 65% sequence identity, more preferably greater than about 85% sequence identity, most preferably greater than about 95% sequence identity. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,283,184 and 5,034,323; herein incorporated by reference.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may also be used in the sense orientation to suppress the expression of endogenous genes in plants. Methods for suppressing gene expression in plants using nucleotide sequences in the sense orientation are known in the art. The methods generally involve transforming plants with a DNA construct comprising a promoter that drives expression in a plant operably linked to at least a portion of a nucleotide sequence that corresponds to the transcript of the endogenous gene. Typically, such a nucleotide sequence has substantial sequence identity to the sequence of the transcript of the endogenous gene, preferably greater than about 65% sequence identity, more preferably greater than about 85% sequence identity, most preferably greater than about 95% sequence identity. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,283,184 and 5,034,323; herein incorporated by reference.

Methods of Use for the Promoter Sequences

The nucleotide sequences for the LOX5 promoter disclosed in the present invention, as well as variants and fragments thereof, are useful in the genetic manipulation of any host (particularly a plant or plant cell) when assembled with a DNA construct such that the promoter sequence is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest. In this manner, the nucleotide sequences of the promoter of the invention are provided in expression cassettes along with heterologous nucleotide sequences for expression in a host of interest.

The promoter for the LOX5 gene may regulate expression of operably linked nucleotide sequences in an inducible manner. That is, expression of the operably linked nucleotide sequences in a plant cell may be induced in response to a stimulus. By “stimulus” is intended a chemical, which may be applied externally or may accumulate in response to another external stimulus. A stimulus includes, for example, a pathogen, which may, for example, induce expression as a result of invading a plant cell; wounding or other factor such as environmental stresses, including but not limited to, drought, temperature, and salinity. Hence, the promoter sequences when operably linked to a disease resistance sequence can enhance disease resistance in a transformed plant.

Synthetic hybrid promoter regions are known in the art. Such regions comprise upstream promoter elements of one nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter element of another nucleotide sequence. In an embodiment of the invention, heterologous gene expression is controlled by a synthetic hybrid promoter comprising the LOX5 promoter sequences of the invention, or a variant or fragment thereof, operably linked to upstream promoter element(s) from a heterologous promoter. Upstream promoter elements that are involved in the plant defense system have been identified and may be used to generate a synthetic promoter. See, for example, Rushton et al. (1998) Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1:311-315. Alternatively, a synthetic LOX5 promoter sequence may comprise duplications of the upstream promoter elements found within the promoter sequence.

It is recognized that the promoter sequence of the invention may be used with its native coding sequences. A DNA construct comprising the LOX5 promoter operably linked with its native gene may be used to transform any plant of interest to bring about a desired phenotypic change, such as enhanced disease resistance. Where the promoter and its native gene is naturally occurring within the plant, i.e., in maize, transformation of the plant with these operably linked sequences may result in either a change in phenotype, such as enhanced disease resistance resulting either from overexpression of the operably linked sequence or the due to insertion of the operably linked coding sequence within a different region of the chromosome thereby altering the plant's genome.

In another embodiment of the invention, expression cassettes will comprise a transcriptional initiation region comprising the promoter sequences disclosed herein, or variants or fragments thereof, operably linked to the heterologous nucleotide sequence. Thus, the promoter nucleotide sequence and methods disclosed herein are useful in regulating expression of any heterologous nucleotide sequence in a host plant in order to vary the phenotype of a plant.

Various changes in phenotype are of interest including modifying the fatty acid composition in a plant, altering the amino acid content of a plant, and the like. Phenotypes that alter the disease resistance of the plant to various abiotic and biotic stresses including pathogens, wounding, and environment stress are of particular interest. These results can be achieved by providing expression of heterologous products or increased expression of endogenous products in plants. Alternatively, the results can be achieved by providing for a reduction of expression of one or more endogenous products, particularly enzymes or cofactors in the plant. These changes result in a change in phenotype of the transformed plant.

Genes of interest are reflective of the commercial markets and interests of those involved in the development of the crop. Crops and markets of interest change, and as developing nations open up world markets, new crops and technologies will emerge also. In addition, as our understanding of agronomic traits and characteristics such as yield and heterosis increase, the choice of genes for transformation will change accordingly. General categories of genes of interest include, for example, those genes involved in information, such as zinc fingers, those involved in communication, such as kinases, and those involved in housekeeping, such as heat shock proteins. More specific categories of transgenes, for example, include genes encoding important traits for agronomics, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, sterility, grain characteristics, and commercial products. Genes of interest include, generally, those involved in oil, starch, carbohydrate, or nutrient metabolism as well as those affecting kernel size, sucrose loading, and the like.

Agronomically important traits such as oil, starch, and protein content can be genetically altered in addition to using traditional breeding methods. Modifications include increasing content of oleic acid, saturated and unsaturated oils, increasing levels of lysine and sulfur, providing essential amino acids, and also modification of starch. Hordothionin protein modifications are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/838,763, filed Apr. 10, 1997; Ser. No. 08/824,379, filed Mar. 26, 1997; Ser. No. 08/824,382, filed Mar. 26, 1997; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,049; herein incorporated by reference. Another example is lysine and/or sulfur rich seed protein encoded by the soybean 2S albumin described in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/618,911, filed Mar. 20, 1996, and the chymotrypsin inhibitor from barley, described in Williamson et al. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 165:99-106, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Derivatives of the coding sequences can be made by site-directed mutagenesis to increase the level of preselected amino acids in the encoded polypeptide. For example, the gene encoding the barley high lysine polypeptide (BHL) is derived from barley chymotrypsin inhibitor, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/740,682, filed Nov. 1, 1996, and PCT/US97/20441, filed Oct. 31, 1997, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. Other proteins include methionine-rich plant proteins such as from sunflower seed (Lilley et al. (1989) Proceedings of the World Congress on Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs, ed. Applewhite (American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, Ill.), pp. 497-502; herein incorporated by reference); corn (Pedersen et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:6279; Kirihara et al. (1988) Gene 71:359; both of which are herein incorporated by reference); and rice (Musumura et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:123, herein incorporated by reference). Other agronomically important genes encode latex, Floury 2, growth factors, seed storage factors, and transcription factors.

Insect resistance genes may encode resistance to pests that have great yield drag such as rootworm, cutworm, European Corn Borer, and the like. Such genes include, for example, Bacillus thuringiensis toxic protein genes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,892; 5,747,450; 5,736,514; 5,723,756; 5,593,881; and Geiser et al. (1986) Gene 48:109); lectins (Van Damme et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 24:825); and the like.

Genes encoding disease resistance traits include detoxification genes, such as against fumonosin (U.S. application Ser. No. 08/484,815, filed Jun. 7, 1995); avirulence (avr) and disease resistance (R) genes (Jones et al. (1994) Science 266:789; Martin et al. (1993) Science 262:1432; and Mindrinos et al. (1994) Cell 78:1089); and the like.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 Transformation and Regeneration of Maize Transgenic Plants

Immature maize embryos from greenhouse donor plants are bombarded with a plasmid containing a LOX nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a ubiquitin promoter and the selectable marker gene PAT (Wohlleben et al. (1988) Gene 70:25-37), which confers resistance to the herbicide Bialaphos. Alternatively, the selectable marker gene is provided on a separate plasmid. Transformation is performed as follows. Media recipes follow below.

Preparation of Target Tissue

The ears are husked and surface sterilized in 30% Clorox bleach plus 0.5% Micro detergent for 20 minutes, and rinsed two times with sterile water. The immature embryos are excised and placed embryo axis side down (scutellum side up), 25 embryos per plate, on 560Y medium for 4 hours and then aligned within the 2.5-cm target zone in preparation for bombardment.

Preparation of DNA

A plasmid vector comprising a LOX nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a ubiquitin promoter is made. This plasmid DNA plus plasmid DNA containing a PAT selectable marker is precipitated onto 1.1 μm (average diameter) tungsten pellets using a CaCl₂ precipitation procedure as follows:

-   -   100 μl prepared tungsten particles in water     -   10 μl (1 μg) DNA in Tris EDTA buffer (1 μg total DNA)     -   100 μl 2.5 M CaCl₂     -   10 μl 0.1 M spermidine

Each reagent is added sequentially to the tungsten particle suspension, while maintained on the multitube vortexer. The final mixture is sonicated briefly and allowed to incubate under constant vortexing for 10 minutes. After the precipitation period, the tubes are centrifuged briefly, liquid removed, washed with 500 ml 100% ethanol, and centrifuged for 30 seconds. Again the liquid is removed, and 105 μl 100% ethanol is added to the final tungsten particle pellet. For particle gun bombardment, the tungsten/DNA particles are briefly sonicated and 10 μl spotted onto the center of each macrocarrier and allowed to dry about 2 minutes before bombardment.

Particle Gun Treatment

The sample plates are bombarded at level #4 in particle gun #HE34-1 or #HE34-2. All samples receive a single shot at 650 PSI, with a total of ten aliquots taken from each tube of prepared particles/DNA.

Subsequent Treatment

Following bombardment, the embryos are kept on 560Y medium for 2 days, then transferred to 560R selection medium containing 3 mg/liter Bialaphos, and subcultured every 2 weeks. After approximately 10 weeks of selection, selection-resistant callus clones are transferred to 288J medium to initiate plant regeneration. Following somatic embryo maturation (2-4 weeks), well-developed somatic embryos are transferred to medium for germination and transferred to the lighted culture room. Approximately 7-10 days later, developing plantlets are transferred to 272V hormone-free medium in tubes for 7-10 days until plantlets are well established. Plants are then transferred to inserts in flats (equivalent to 2.5″ pot) containing potting soil and grown for 1 week in a growth chamber, subsequently grown an additional 1-2 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to classic 600 pots (1.6 gallon) and grown to maturity. Plants are monitored and scored for altered defense response, or altered LOX activity.

Bombardment and Culture Media

Bombardment medium (560Y) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000× SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 120.0 g/l sucrose, 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, and 2.88 g/l L-proline (brought to volume with D-1H₂O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 2.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-1H₂O); and 8.5 mg/l silver nitrate (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature). Selection medium (560R) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000× SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 30.0 g/l sucrose, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (brought to volume with D-1H₂O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-1H₂O); and 0.85 mg/l silver nitrate and 3.0 mg/l Bialaphos (both added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature).

Plant regeneration medium (288J) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-1H₂O) (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol. Plant. 15:473), 100 mg/l myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/l zeatin, 60 g/l sucrose, and 1.0 ml/l of 0.1 mM abscisic acid (brought to volume with polished D-1H₂O after adjusting to pH 5.6); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-I H₂O); and 1.0 mg/l indoleacetic acid and 3.0 mg/l Bialaphos (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to 60° C.). Hormone-free medium (272V) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g/l nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-1H₂O), 0.1 g/l myo-inositol, and 40.0 g/l sucrose (brought to volume with polished D-1H₂O after adjusting pH to 5.6); and 6 g/l bacto-agar (added after bringing to volume with polished D-1H₂O), sterilized and cooled to 60° C.

EXAMPLE 2 Transformation and Regeneration of Maize Transgenic Plants with an Expression Cassette Comprising a Homologous Promoter and LOX Nucleotide Sequence

Immature maize embryos from greenhouse donor plants are bombarded with a plasmid containing a nucleotide sequence of interest operably linked to the Zea mays LOX5 transcriptional initiation region (e.g., promoter region) set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 and the selectable marker gene PAT (Wohlleben et al. (1988) Gene 70:25-37), which confers resistance to the herbicide Bialaphos. Alternatively, the selectable marker gene is provided on a separate plasmid. Transformation is performed as follows. Media recipes follow below.

Preparation of Target Tissue

The ears are husked and surface sterilized in 30% Clorox bleach plus 0.5% Micro detergent for 20 minutes, and rinsed two times with sterile water. The immature embryos are excised and placed embryo axis side down (scutellum side up), 25 embryos per plate, on 560Y medium for 4 hours and then aligned within the 2.5-cm target zone in preparation for bombardment.

Preparation of DNA

A plasmid vector comprising a LOX nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to the LOX5 transcriptional initiation region (e.g., promoter region) set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 is made. This plasmid DNA plus plasmid DNA containing a PAT selectable marker is precipitated onto 1.1 μm (average diameter) tungsten pellets using a CaCl₂ precipitation procedure as follows:

-   -   100 μl prepared tungsten particles in water     -   10 μl (1 μg) DNA in Tris EDTA buffer (1 μg total DNA)     -   100 μl 2.5 M CaCl₂     -   10 μl 0.1 M spermidine

Each reagent is added sequentially to the tungsten particle suspension, while maintained on the multitube vortexer. The final mixture is sonicated briefly and allowed to incubate under constant vortexing for 10 minutes. After the precipitation period, the tubes are centrifuged briefly, liquid removed, washed with 500 ml 100% ethanol, and centrifuged for 30 seconds. Again the liquid is removed, and 105 μl 100% ethanol is added to the final tungsten particle pellet. For particle gun bombardment, the tungsten/DNA particles are briefly sonicated and 10 μl spotted onto the center of each macrocarrier and allowed to dry about 2 minutes before bombardment.

Particle Gun Treatment

The sample plates are bombarded at level #4 in particle gun #HE34-1 or #HE34-2. All samples receive a single shot at 650 PSI, with a total of ten aliquots taken from each tube of prepared particles/DNA.

Subsequent Treatment

Following bombardment, the embryos are kept on 560Y medium for 2 days, then transferred to 560R selection medium containing 3 mg/liter Bialaphos, and subcultured every 2 weeks. After approximately 10 weeks of selection, selection-resistant callus clones are transferred to 288J medium to initiate plant regeneration. Following somatic embryo maturation (2-4 weeks), well-developed somatic embryos are transferred to medium for germination and transferred to the lighted culture room. Approximately 7-10 days later, developing plantlets are transferred to 272V hormone-free medium in tubes for 7-10 days until plantlets are well established. Plants are then transferred to inserts in flats (equivalent to 2.5″ pot) containing potting soil and grown for 1 week in a growth chamber, subsequently grown an additional 1-2 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to classic 600 pots (1.6 gallon) and grown to maturity. Plants are monitored and scored for altered expression of the nucleotide sequence of interest.

Bombardment and Culture Media

Bombardment medium (560Y) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000× SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 120.0 g/l sucrose, 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, and 2.88 g/l L-proline (brought to volume with D-1H₂O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 2.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-1H₂O); and 8.5 mg/l silver nitrate (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature). Selection medium (560R) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson's Vitamin Mix (1000× SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 30.0 g/l sucrose, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (brought to volume with D-I H₂O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-1H₂O); and 0.85 mg/l silver nitrate and 3.0 mg/l Bialaphos (both added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature).

Plant regeneration medium (288J) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H₂O) (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol. Plant. 15:473), 100 mg/l myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/l zeatin, 60 g/l sucrose, and 1.0 ml/l of 0.1 mM abscisic acid (brought to volume with polished D-1H₂O after adjusting to pH 5.6); 3.0 g/l Gelrite (added after bringing to volume with D-1H₂O); and 1.0 mg/l indoleacetic acid and 3.0 mg/l Bialaphos (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to 60° C.). Hormone-free medium (272V) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g/l nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL, and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H₂O), 0.1 g/l myo-inositol, and 40.0 g/l sucrose (brought to volume with polished D-I H₂O after adjusting pH to 5.6); and 6 g/l bacto-agar (added after bringing to volume with polished D-1H₂O), sterilized and cooled to 60° C.

EXAMPLE 3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize with LOX nucleotide sequences of the invention the method of Zhao is employed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840, and PCT patent publication WO98/32326; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by references Briefly, immature embryos are isolated from maize and the embryos contacted with a suspension of Agrobacterium, where the bacteria are capable of transferring the DNA constructs of interest to at least one cell of at least one of the immature embryos (step 1: the infection step). In this step the immature embryos are preferably immersed in an Agrobacterium suspension for the initiation of inoculation. The embryos are co-cultured for a time with the Agrobacterium (step 2: the co-cultivation step). Preferably the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium following the infection step. Following this co-cultivation period an optional “resting” step is contemplated. In this resting step, the embryos are incubated in the presence of at least one antibiotic known to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium without the addition of a selective agent for plant transformants (step 3: resting step). Preferably the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium with antibiotic, but without a selecting agent, for elimination of Agrobacterium and for a resting phase for the infected cells. Next, inoculated embryos are cultured on medium containing a selective agent and growing transformed callus is recovered (step 4: the selection step). Preferably, the immature embryos are cultured on solid medium with a selective agent resulting in the selective growth of transformed cells. The callus is then regenerated into plants (step 5: the regeneration step), and preferably calli grown on selective medium are cultured on solid medium to regenerate the plants.

EXAMPLE 4 Transformation and Regeneration of Sunflower Plants

The intact meristem method is used for transformation of sunflower plants and expression of a LOX sequence of the invention.

Explant Preparation

Seeds are dehulled and surface-sterilized for 20 minutes in a 20% Chlorox™ bleach solution with the addition of two to three drops of Tween 20 per 100 ml of solution, and then rinsed three times with distilled water. Sterilized seeds are imbibed in the dark at 26° C. for 20 hours on filter paper moistened with water. Meristem explants are created by removing cotyledons and root radicle from imbibed seeds, and then culturing overnight at 26° C. in the dark on 374E medium (1× MS salts, Shepards vitamins, 40 mg/l adenine sulfate, 30 g/l sucrose, 0.5 mg/l BAP, 0.25 mg/l IAA, 0.1 mg/l IAA, pH 5.6, 8 g/l phytagar). Primary leaves are then removed and explants are transferred to 374M medium (374E except 12 g/l phytagar), arranged in a manner suitable for particle gun bombardment, and cultured overnight at 26° C. in the dark.

Preparation of DNA

A plasmid vector comprising a LOX nucleotide sequence operably linked to a ubiquitin promoter is constructed. The plasmid contains a kanamycin selectable marker gene. The transformation is performed as follows.

Transformation

Approximately 18.8 mg of 1.8 μm tungsten particles are suspended in 150 μl absolute ethanol, and sonicated for 2-4 seconds. After sonication, 10 μl of the suspension is dropped on the center of the surface of a macrocarrier. Each plate of meristem explants is bombarded twice with 650 psi rupture discs in the top shelf at 26 mm of Hg helium gun vacuum, using a BioRad helium gun.

The plasmid vector having a DNA construct expressing a LOX polypeptide is introduced into Agrobacterium strain EHA 105 (see above) via freeze-thawing as described by Holsters et al. (1978) Mol. Gen. Genet. 163:181-187. Actively growing, transformed Agrobacteria were maintained in shaking liquid cultures using 60A medium with kanamycin (YEP, 50 mg/l kanamycin: 10 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l bactopeptone, 5 g/l NaCl, pH 7.0, 50 mg/l kanamycin). On the day before the Agrobacterium strain is to be used, new liquid cultures are initiated in 60A with kanamycin from the active maintenance culture. They are cultured with shaking at 26° C. until they reach an optical density (OD vis=600 nm) of about 1.0. When the cultures have established this density, they are centrifuged (6000 rpm, 5 min), the supernatant is discarded, and the pellet of bacteria is resuspended in inoculation medium (12.5 mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, 1 g/l NH4Cl, and 0.3 g/l MgSO4, at pH 5.7), to a final calculated concentration of Agrobacteria of 4.0 at OD 600. The particle bombarded explants are inoculated with Agrobacterium by first spreading the explants apart on the 374M medium, then placing a droplet of the above suspension directly onto the top of each meristem. The explants are co-cultivated on the medium for 4 days, after which the explants are transferred to 374 C medium (GBA with 1% sucrose and with no BAP, IAA, or GA3, and supplemented with 250 μg/ml cefotaxime). The explants are cultured on this medium for about 2 weeks under 16 hours of daylight, at 26° C.

Recovering Nodes and Plants

Following the 4 days of co-cultivation time on 374M medium, the explants are transferred to 374D (374C medium with 50 mg/l kanamycin) selection medium containing kanamycin. After 2 weeks of selection, explants with associated shoots are transferred to 374C medium and selection resistant shoots are screened using NPTII ELISA. Positive shoots are removed for recovery by in vitro grafting and transformation verified by further NPTII ELISA analysis. Negative shoots are discarded. Explants with smaller shoots which could not be assayed following the 2 weeks on 374D are transferred to 374G (374E with 250 mg/l cefotaxime) for 3-4 days then back to 374C for 2 additional weeks. Assays are then done to identify positive shoots that are too small to sample in the first round and recovery initiated.

Recovered positive shoots are grafted to Pioneer sunflower hybrid in vitro-grown sunflower seedling rootstock. The seeds are dehulled and surface-sterilized for 20 minutes in a 20% Chlorox™ bleach solution with two to three drops of Tween20 per 100 ml total volume, and rinsed three times with distilled water. The sterilized seeds are germinated for three days on filter paper moistened with water, then transferred into “48 Medium” (one-half strength MS salts, 0.5% sucrose, 0.3% gelrite, at pH 5.0) and grown at 26° C. at 26 in the dark for 3 days, then incubated at 16 hour day culture conditions. The upper portions of selected seedlings are removed, a vertical slice is made in each hypocotyl, and a transformed shoot is inserted into the vertical slice. The cut area is wrapped with parafilm, and after one-week culture on the medium, the grafted plants are transferred to soil. In the first two weeks they are maintained under high humidity conditions to acclimatize to the greenhouse environment.

Transformed sectors of TO plants are identified by additional NPTII assays of the greenhouse established positive grafted shoots. After assay, non-transformed sectors are trimmed off to promote auxiliary bud development and auxiliary buds from transgenic sectors are recovered so as to establish the best probability to encompass the sector of transformation in germ line cells so that the transformation event is recovered in the next generation. Seed from TO plants are collected, de-hulled, surface sterilized, and germinated on filter paper wetted with water. T1 seedlings are then sampled for NPTII ELISA by removing green cotyledon pieces followed by transfer to seedling growth medium 48P (0.1×MS salts, 0.5% sucrose, pH 5.6, 0.3% gelrite). NPTII positive, actively growing T1 seedlings are transferred at the two-leaf stage to soil for growth in the greenhouse. Seed from the confirmed T1 transgenics is used to grow T2 plants.

T2 seeds are planted in a greenhouse. Positive plants are screened by NPTII assay. Various plant tissues are harvested at 80-day-old stage after planting. The harvested material is put in mini-tubes, frozen and stored at −80° C.

Plants transformed with the plasmid comprising the LOX nucleotide sequences are monitored and scored for an altered defense response, or a modulation in LOX activity.

EXAMPLE 5 Soybean Embryo Transformation

Soybean embryos are bombarded with a plasmid containing a LOX sequence operably linked to a ubiquitin promoter as follows. To induce somatic embryos, cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface-sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, are cultured in the light or dark at 26° C. on an appropriate agar medium for six to ten weeks. Somatic embryos producing secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos that multiplied as early, globular-staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can maintained in 35 ml liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26° C. with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 ml of liquid medium.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). A Du Pont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) can be used for these transformations.

A selectable marker gene that can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a transgene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179-188), and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The expression cassette comprising the DNA construct can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.

To 50 μl of a 60 mg/ml 1 μm gold particle suspension is added (in order): 5 μl DNA (1 μg/μl), 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M), and 50 μl CaCl₂ (2.5 M). The particle preparation is then agitated for three minutes, spun in a microfuge for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles are then washed once in 400 μl 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μl of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension can be sonicated three times for one second each. Five microliters of the DNA-coated gold particles are then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette. For each transformation experiment, approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded. Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi, and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.

Five to seven days post bombardment, the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post-bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/ml hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly. Seven to eight weeks post-bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a)a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13 or 15; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 or 16; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising an antisense sequence corresponding to the sequence of a) or b); (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequences of a), b), or c), wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; and (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity.
 2. A DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence of claim 1, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in a host cell.
 3. A cell having stably incorporated into its genome at least one DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in said cell, wherein said nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13 or 15; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 or 16; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising an antisense sequence corresponding to the sequence of a) or b); (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequences of a), b), or c), wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; and (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity.
 4. The cell of claim 3, wherein said cell is a plant cell.
 5. A transformed plant having stably incorporated into its genome at least one DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence operably linked to a heterologous promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, wherein said nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of: (a)a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13 or 15; (b)a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 or 16; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising an antisense sequence corresponding to the sequence of a) or b); (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequences of a), b), or c), wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having LOX-like activity; and (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said sequence encodes polypeptide having LOX-like activity.
 6. The plant of claim 5, wherein said promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 7. The plant of claim 5, wherein said promoter is a tissue-preferred promoter.
 8. The plant of claim 5, wherein said promoter is an inducible promoter.
 9. The plant of claim 8, wherein said promoter is a pathogen-inducible promoter.
 10. The plant of claim 5, wherein said plant is a monocot.
 11. The plant of claim 10, wherein said monocot is maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, or rye.
 12. The plant of claim 5, wherein said plant is a dicot.
 13. The transformed seed of the plant of claim
 5. 